There are different ways of forming the plural of nouns.
1. Add -s to most nouns.
Example:
2. Add -es to nouns ending in -s, -x, -ch, -sh, and -z. If the word ends in a single z, double z, and add -es.
Examples:
3. For nouns ending in -y preceded by a consonant, change y to i and add -es.
Example:
4. For nouns ending in -y preceded by a vowel, just add -s.
Example:
5. Form the plural of some nouns ending in -f by adding -s.
Example:
6. Form the plural of other nouns ending in -f by changing f to v and adding -es.
Example:
7. Form the plural of nouns that also end in -f or -ff either by simply adding -s or by changing f or ff to v and adding -es.
Examples:
8. Form the plural of some words that end in -fe by changing f to v and adding -s.
Example:
9. Form the plural of most nouns ending in -o by adding -es.
Example:
10. Form the plural of a few nouns ending in -o by adding -s.
Example:
11. Form the plural of some nouns ending in -o by adding either -s or -es.
Example: