Most nouns form their plural by adding -s.

Examples:

• tent - tents

• elephant - elephants

• card - cards

• pen - pens

Nouns ending in -s, -x, -ch, -sh, and -z form their plurals by adding -es.

Examples:

• bus - buses

• glass - glasses

• box - boxes

• tax - taxes

• church - churches

• bench - benches

• sash - sashes

• brush - brushes

• buzz - buzzes

• fizz - fizzes

Nouns ending in -y with a consonant before it form their plural by changing y to i and adding -es.

Examples:

• lady - ladies

• candy - candies

• baby - babies

• city - cities

• pony - ponies

Nouns ending in -y with a vowel before it form their plural by adding -s.

Examples:

• key - keys

• boy - boys

• day - days

• play - plays

Nouns ending in -o with a consonant before it form their plural by adding -es.

Examples:

• mango - mangoes

• tomato - tomatoes

• echo - echoes

• potato - potatoes

Nouns that end in -o with a vowel before it form their plural by adding -s.

Examples:

• radio - radios

• ratio - ratios

• igloo - igloos

• studio - studios

1. Most nouns ending in -f or -gh sounded as /f/ form their plural by adding -s.

Examples:

• spoof - spoofs

• graph - graphs

2. There are also nouns ending in -f or -fe sounded as /f/ that form their plural by changing f or fe to v and adding -s or -es.

Examples:

• life - lives

• leaf - leaves

• wife - wives

3. Some nouns form their plural by changing their spelling.

Examples:

• man - men

• tooth - teeth

• mouse - mice

4. Some nouns do not change form even when expressed in plural form.

Examples:

• sheep - sheep

• aircraft - aircraft

• moose - moose

5. There are nouns whose plural forms are either the same as their singular form or are formed by adding -s or -es.

Examples:

• fish - fish/fishes

• deer - deer/deers